Anti-neurodegenerative therapeutic, method of manufacture, and use

ABSTRACT

Therapeutic peptides of the following sequence are disclosed: Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4-Xaa5, and optionally further comprising Xaa6, wherein Xaa represents an amino acid; Xaa3 is proline; and subscripts represent the positions of each amino acid in the peptide sequence starting from the amino terminus of said peptide extending to the C-terminus. A therapeutic peptide optionally includes a linker that cyclizes the peptide. Also described are methods of treating a neurodegenerative disorder and/or injury in a human subject in need of such treatment by administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic peptide as disclosed herein.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of PCT/US2018/046491, filed Aug. 13, 2018, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/544,046, filed Aug. 11, 2017, the entire disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

SEQUENCE STATEMENT

This application contains a Sequence Listing that has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The ASCII copy is named 085971-597945-US-Amended-Sequence-Listing.txt, and is 4 kilobytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to therapeutic peptides for the treatment and prevention of brain diseases, injuries, and disorders.

BACKGROUND

There continues to be a need for effective agents and methods for the treatment and prevention of brain diseases, injuries, and disorders that result in dopaminergic dysregulation. Current standards of treatment provide symptomatic relief of diseases, but do not prevent the progression of the disease. For example, levodopa provides symptomatic relief of Parkinson's disease, but does not halt the progression of neurodegeneration.

Many neurotrophic factors are both neuroprotective (protecting neurons from injury) and neurorestorative (promoting structural and/or functional regeneration). For example, glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor shown to dramatically protect and enhance the function of dopamine neurons in vitro and in vivo in rodents and monkeys. However, clinical trials, involving ventricular delivery of GDNF showed no statistically significant differentiation of the placebo and active treatment groups, likely due to poor targeting of GDNF, as a result of poor biodistribution during site-specific delivery. Successful trophic factor therapy requires distribution throughout the target tissue, requiring site-specific delivery. The blood-brain barrier effectively blocks entry of large molecules from the blood stream, including trophic factors. Thus a useful drug for treating Parkinson's disease and other neurological injuries and disorders would possess neuroprotective and restorative actions using non-invasive delivery.

A crude peptide extract from the brain cerebrolysin has been tested in human studies, with modest effects reported (Lukhanina et al., 2004). Three small molecule compounds have also been tested in Parkinson's disease patients: the tripeptide glutathione, tocopherol, and Coenzyme Q10 (Weber et al., 2006). The three small molecule compounds have reportedly only minor benefits for patients. The amidated dopamine neuron stimulating peptide, DNSP-11 (an 11-amino acid peptide sequence), is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,402,875, 9,586,992, and U.S. Ser. No. 12/646,511 (US Pub. No. 20110178025), U.S. Ser. No. 12/508,916 (US Pub. No. 20100035820), U.S. Ser. No. 15/193,605 filed Jun. 27, 2016, and U.S. Ser. No. 15/445,206 (US Pub. No. 20170173108) (all to Bradley et al.). The PAT nonapeptide (a 9-amino acid peptide sequence), is described in U.S. Ser. No. 14/929,449 to Laruelle et al., (US Pub. No. 20160074463). These peptides are distinguished by physical characteristics including size, charge, hydrophobicity rendering them and modified versions as agents that are often immunogenic.

A significant and common limitation for the use of peptides and proteins as therapeutics is the generation of antibody formation and other adverse effects (including toxicity) due to the activation of the immune system (Schellekens, 2010; Baker et al., 2010; Büttel et al., 2011; Leach et al., 2014; Rojko et al., 2014; Krishna & Nadler, 2016). For example, some patients reportedly developed an immune response following a clinical trial of recombinant human GDNF by intraputamenal CNS delivery (Lang et al., 2006; Tatarewicz et al., 2007). Human GDNF is a dimer that consists two identical 134 amino acid subunits. Other examples of antibody formation following therapeutic administration of recombinant proteins and peptides include Factor VIII (Prescott et al., 1997; Scharrer, 1999), imiglucerase (Brooks et al., 2003), beta-interferon (Durelli et al., 2004), erythropoietin (Casadevall et al., 2002), exenatide (Fineman et al., 2012), and intranasal-delivered insulin (Stoever et al., 2002). Factor VIII is reported to have 2332 amino acids, imiglucerase is reported to have 497 amino acids, beta-Interferon and erythropoietin are reported to have 165 amino acids, exenatide is reported to have 39 amino acids, and insulin is reported to have 51. In addition, these limitations apply to other large molecules such as monoclonal antibodies (full-length size approximately 150 kDa; Richards et al., 1999; Baert et al., 2002; Wagner et al., 2003; Bendtzen et al., 2006; Schmidt et al., 2009; Hansel et al., 2010) and their use to facilitate delivery and transport of recombinant proteins to the CNS. For example, the conjugation of the recombinant human GDNF sequence to a monoclonal antibody against the human insulin receptor to facilitate BBB transport has been reported to result in the generation of numerous adverse effects because of immune system activation (Oshima-Hosoyama et al., 2012).

The major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) play a critical selective role in the immune response. MHC are understood to recognize and bind peptide epitopes in the process of identifying non-self/foreign sequences and initiating an immune response by T-cells. There are two classes of MHCs, Class I (MHC-I) and Class II (MHC-II). Due to structural differences between MHC-I and MHC-II, there are size limitations of peptide sequences that are recognized and bound. MHC-I has a smaller binding pocket than MHC-II, preferentially binding peptides of 8-10 amino acids in length, with 9 amino acids being the most prevalent (MHC-II typically binding peptide sequences between 13-25 amino acids in length).

Providing therapeutic agents to the brain presents well known pharmacologic problems. Many of these center on the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier often described in the literature as a highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid in the central nervous system. Ventricular (brain) delivery and intraputamenal delivery of drugs has reportedly proven ineffective. Historically, brain drug therapy requires site-specific delivery and distribution of the therapeutic factor throughout the target tissue (the putamen for Parkinson's disease). The blood-brain barrier effectively blocks entry from blood borne proteins, including trophic factors. Without being bound by any particular, peptide infusions into the cerebrospinal fluid are not effective in humans because of brain size and may produce unwanted side effects by stimulating immune response cells such as sensory neurons.

Identifying and utilizing therapeutic candidates that “reach across” or bypass the blood-brain barrier or otherwise contact or enter brain tissue, with minimal immunogenicity, and treat Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, depression, Huntington's disease, prion disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a tauopathy, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or other degenerative processes in the brain and central nervous system (including those induced by brain injury, stroke or cerebrovascular accident) is a recognized medical goal. Yet more expansively, breaching the blood-brain barrier is a therapeutic consideration in therapeutics treating epilepsy, depression, anxiety, PTSD, bipolar, psychiatric disorders.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure provides a therapeutic peptide of the following sequence: Xaa₁-Xaa₂-Xaa₃-Xaa₄-Xaa₅ and, optionally, Xaa₅, wherein

-   -   Xaa represents an amino acid;     -   Xaa₃ is proline; and wherein     -   subscripts represent the positions of each amino acid in the         peptide sequence starting from the amino terminus of said         peptide and extending to the C-terminus.

Therapeutic peptides disclosed herein are optionally cyclized with one or more linkers.

The present disclosure also provides a method of treating pathologies broadly understood to include neurodegenerative disorders, and associated conditions such as apathy, anxiety, depression, irritability and agitation in a human subject in need of such treatment by the process of administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic peptide disclosed herein.

In the therapeutic peptides disclosed herein, one or more of the amino acids may be deuterized and/or cyclized by the addition of terminal cysteines.

In the therapeutic peptides disclosed herein, Xaa₁ is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of leucine, tryptophan or glutamate.

In the therapeutic peptides disclosed herein, Xaa₂ is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, lysine, leucine, methionine, tryptophan or alanine.

In the therapeutic peptides disclosed herein, Xaa₄ is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of phenylalanine, lysine, leucine, tryptophan, tyrosine or alanine.

In the therapeutic peptides disclosed herein, Xaa₅ is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of alanine, cysteine, aspartate, leucine, methionine, asparagine, serine or glutamate.

Particular reference is made to Xaa₆ which is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of alanine, cysteine, glutamate, phenylalanine, glycine, leucine, proline, serine, or aspartate.

In some aspects, one or more amino acid is a D-amino acid.

In a therapeutic peptide as disclosed herein, the C-terminus of the therapeutic peptide further optionally includes amidation.

In a therapeutic peptide as disclosed herein, the N-terminus of the therapeutic peptide further optionally Includes acylation.

The therapeutic peptides may further comprise two or more peptides, optionally further comprising an adjunct.

The disclosed therapeutic peptides further usefully comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient.

The present disclosure also provides a method of treating a neurodegenerative disorder in a human subject in need of such treatment by the process of administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic peptide of the following sequence: Xaa₁-Xaa₂-Xaa₃-Xaa₄-Xaa₅ wherein Xaa represents an amino acid, Xaa₃ is proline; and, subscripts represent the positions of each amino acid in the peptide sequence starting from the amino terminus of said peptide extending to the C-terminus, and optionally further comprising -Xaa₅.

The therapeutic peptides disclosed herein are usefully administered at: (i) from about 0.1 to about 1000 mgs. with particular reference to 1 to 100 mgs; and (ii) from about twice daily to about weekly/monthly for two weeks, five years, chronically

Delivery of the claimed therapeutic peptides disclosed herein is broadly understood to include any systemic route of administration, such as intranasal, sublingual, buccal, intraocular, intraperitoneal, intrapulmonary, rectal, intramuscular, intradermal, transdermal, subcutaneous, or intravenous administration, with particular emphasis on intranasal and subcutaneous administration.

In some aspects, one or more amino acid is a D-amino acid.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A: Tissue DA levels (ng/g—wet tissue weight) from the entire striatum (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 rats intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV6403 (1.1 mg/mL or 3.5 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (* p<0.05) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV6403 treatment group.

FIG. 1B: Tissue DOPAC levels (ng/g—wet tissue weight) from the entire striatum (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 rats intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV6403 (1.1 mg/mL or 3.5 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (* p<0.05) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV6403 treatment group.

FIG. 1C: Tissue HVA levels (ng/g—wet tissue weight) from the entire striatum (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 rats intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV6403 (1.1 mg/mL or 3.5 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (* p<0.05) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV6403 treatment group.

FIG. 2A: DA turnover ratios (DOPAC/DA) of the whole striatum (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV6403 (1.1 mg/mL or 3.5 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (* p<0.05) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV6403 treatment group.

FIG. 2B: DA turnover ratios ([HVA+DOPAC]/DA) of the whole striatum (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV6403 (1.1 mg/mL or 3.5 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (* p<0.05) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV6403 treatment group.

FIG. 3: 5-HT turnover ratio of the whole striatum (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV6403 (1.1 mg/mL or 3.5 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test (** p<0.05) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV6403 treatment group.

FIG. 4A: Tissue DOPAC levels (ng/g—wet tissue weight) from the entire substantia nigra (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 rats intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV6403 (1.1 mg/mL or 3.5 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (* p<0.05) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV6403 treatment group.

FIG. 4B: Tissue DOPAC levels (ng/g—wet tissue weight) from the entire substantia nigra (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 rats intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV6403 (1.1 mg/mL or 3.5 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (* p<0.05) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV6403 treatment group.

FIG. 4C: Tissue HVA levels (ng/g—wet tissue weight) from the entire substantia nigra (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 rats intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV6403 (1.1 mg/mL or 3.5 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (* p<0.05) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV6403 treatment group.

FIG. 5A: DA turnover ratios (DOPAC/DA) of the whole substantia nigra (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 Intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV6403 (1.1 mg/mL or 3.5 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with unpaired T-Test (* p<0.05) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV6403 treatment group.

FIG. 5B: DA turnover ratios ([HVA+DOPAC]/DA) of the whole substantia nigra (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV6403 (1.1 mg/mL or 3.5 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with unpaired T-Test (* p<0.05) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV6403 treatment group.

FIG. 6A: Tissue DA levels (ng/g—wet tissue weight) from the entire striatum (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 rats intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV7624 (1.2 mg/mL or 3.6 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (** p<0.01), Brown-Forsythe test (+++ p<0.001), or Bartlett's test (## p<0.01) post hoc analysis, and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV7624 treatment group.

FIG. 6B: Tissue DOPAC levels (ng/g—wet tissue weight) from the entire striatum (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 rats intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV7624 (1.2 mg/mL or 3.6 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (** p<0.01), Brown-Forsythe test (+++p<0.001), or Bartlett's test (## p<0.01) post hoc analysis, and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV7624 treatment group.

FIG. 6C: Tissue HVA levels (ng/g—wet tissue weight) from the entire striatum (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 rats intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV7624 (1.2 mg/mL or 3.6 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (** p<0.01), Brown-Forsythe test (+++p<0.001), or Bartlett's test (## p<0.01) post hoc analysis, and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV7624 treatment group.

FIG. 7A: DA turnover ratios (DOPAC/DA) of the whole striatum (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 Intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV7624 (1.2 mg/mL or 3.6 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc analysis (* p<0.05) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV7624 treatment group.

FIG. 7B: DA turnover ratios ([HVA+DOPAC]/DA) of the whole striatum (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV7624 (1.2 mg/mL or 3.6 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc analysis (* p<0.05) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV7624 treatment group.

FIG. 8A: Tissue 5-HT levels (ng/g—wet tissue weight) from the entire striatum (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 rats intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV7624 (1.2 mg/mL or 3.6 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV7624 treatment group.

FIG. 8B: Tissue 5-HIAA levels (ng/g—wet tissue weight) from the entire striatum (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 rats intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV7624 (1.2 mg/mL or 3.6 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01) and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV7624 treatment group.

FIG. 9A: Tissue DA levels (ng/g—wet tissue weight) from the entire substantia nigra (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 rats intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV7624 (1.2 mg/mL or 3.6 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV7624 treatment group.

FIG. 9B: Tissue DOPAC levels (ng/g—wet tissue weight) from the entire substantia nigra (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 rats intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV7624 (1.2 mg/mL or 3.6 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV7624 treatment group.

FIG. 9C: Tissue HVA levels (ng/g—wet tissue weight) from the entire substantia nigra (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 rats intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV7624 (1.2 mg/mL or 3.6 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV7624 treatment group.

FIG. 10A: DA turnover ratios (DOPAC/DA) of the whole substantia nigra (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV7624 (1.2 mg/mL or 3.6 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV7624 treatment group.

FIG. 10B: DA turnover ratios ([HVA+DOPAC]/DA) of the whole substantia nigra (both hemispheres) of normal Fischer 344 intranasally administered with 50 microliters total of vehicle or AV7624 (1.2 mg/mL or 3.6 mg/mL), 5 days a week for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and are presented as a mean±SEM, N=12 for vehicle and each AV7624 treatment group.

FIG. 11: Autoradiography of I²⁵-labeled peptide AV2387 of 2 mm-thick serial coronal slices. The radioactivity signal intensity is color coded from blue (weakest) to red (greatest).

FIG. 12: Tracking of I¹²⁵-labeled peptide AV2387. Gamma counting (CPMs) data are normalized (ng of wet sample tissue weight) 1 hr after a single intranasal administration.

FIG. 13A is a graph showing the extracellular brain levels of AV6403 over time following its subcutaneous (s.c.) administration at 30 mg/kg (n=2) and 100 mg/kg (n=2). Y-axis units in log ng/ml.

FIG. 13B shows the extracellular brain levels of AV6403 over time following its subcutaneous (s.c.) administration at 30 mg/kg (n=2) and 100 mg/kg (n=2). Y-axis units in linear ng/ml.

FIG. 14 shows plasma levels of AV6403 over time following its subcutaneous administration at time 0 for 30 and 100 mg/kg AV6403 as measured using LC-MS/MS. Y-axis units in linear ng/ml.

FIG. 15 shows plasma and extracellular brain levels of AV2157 over time in awake rats measured using (LC-MS/MS) following s.c. administration. Y-axis units in log ng/ml.

FIG. 16 is a graph showing the extracellular brain levels of AV2157 over time in awake rats measured using LC-MS/MS following subcutaneous administration at 100 mg/kg. Y-axis units in linear ng/ml.

FIG. 17 shows plasma levels of AV2157 over time in awake rats (n=2) measured using LC-MS/MS following s.c. administration at 100 mg/kg. Y-axis units in linear ng/ml.

FIG. 18A depicts a plot showing the plasma levels of AV6403 administered at 30 and 100 mg/kg and AV2157 administered at 100 mg/kg over time following s.c. administration. Y-axis units in log ng/ml.

FIG. 18B depicts a plot showing the plasma levels of AV6403 administered at 30 and 100 mg/kg and AV2157 administered at 100 mg/kg over time following s.c. administration. Y-axis units in linear ng/ml.

FIG. 19A shows the extracellular brain levels of AV6403 administered at 30 and 100 mg/kg and AV2157 administered at 100 mg/kg over time following s.c. administration. Y-axis units in log ng/ml.

FIG. 19B shows the levels of extracellular brain levels of AV6403 administered at 30 and 100 mg/kg and AV2157 administered at 100 mg/kg over time following s.c. administration. Y-axis units in linear ng/ml.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure presents active peptide molecules of less than eight (8) amino acids in length, and particularly peptide molecules of five (5) and six (6) amino acids in length. These peptides exhibit significantly less immunogenicity and engender far diminished related adverse effects.

This disclosure will best be understood with reference to the following definitions:

A. “Amino acid” or amino acids shall mean all known naturally occurring or synthetic amino acids. Particular note is made of the chirality of amino acids. Both D and L forms of amino acids are contemplated within this invention.

B. “Deuterated” or deuterized shall mean an amino acid of a peptide of this invention wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms contained in the peptide have been replaced by deuterium. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that because of the kinetic isotope effect, deuterium-containing peptides may have significantly lower rates of metabolism, and hence a longer half-life upon administration to a subject. Deuterated amino acids are generally available (e.g., Sigma-Aldrich, Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.).

C. “Cyclized” or cyclic peptides (or cyclic proteins) shall mean polypeptide chains in which the amino termini and carboxyl termini are linked with a covalent bond that generates a ring. In the present invention the disclosed 5 and 6 amino peptides may be advantageously cyclized by the addition of a cysteine at each end of the peptide. Peptides of the invention are, when cyclized, 5+2 Cys or 6+2 Cys. Multiple useful linkers are known in the art and included herein.

D. “Adjunct” as used herein shall be broadly understood to mean modifications that facilitate marking the peptide for detection, while maintaining biological activity. Contemplated adjuncts include without limitation radio-isotopes, photo-affinity ligands, and fluorescent compounds.

E. “Systemic” administration can be any route of administration capable of delivering a substance into the circulatory system. Non-limiting examples of routes of systemic administration include parenteral, enteral, or topical administration such as intranasal, sublingual, buccal, intraocular, intraperitoneal, intrapulmonary, rectal, intradermal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous administration. “Intranasal” or intranasally administering a therapeutic includes administering the therapeutic to a nasal passage (e.g., the epithelium of the nasal cavity, the epithelium of the upper nasal cavity, the superior nasal concha). Intranasal administration can be in the form of an aerosol, or an intranasal lavage. Dry-powder sprays are also contemplated.

F. As used herein, “traumatic brain injury” (TBI) refers to a form of acquired brain injury that occurs when a sudden trauma causes brain damage. TBI can occur when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. TBI symptoms can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of the damage to the brain.

G. As a matter of terminology economy, “crossing the blood-brain barrier” shall be broadly understood to encompass drugs being made available to interact with brain (or other CNS) tissue. Crossing the blood-brain barrier includes a drug which “reaches across” or bypasses the blood-brain barrier or otherwise is placed in contact with or enters brain tissue. Without being bound by any particular mechanism, literature reports also cite as crossing the blood-brain barrier water, some gases, and lipid-soluble molecules by passive diffusion, as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids.

H. TBI Gradation: Although the terms “mild,” “moderate,” or “severe” can be applied arbitrarily, generally, “mild” traumatic brain injury refers to a traumatic brain injury that results in loss of consciousness for a few seconds to a few minutes; no loss of consciousness, but a dazed, confused or disoriented state; headache; nausea or vomiting; fatigue or drowsiness; difficulty sleeping; sleeping more than usual; and/or dizziness or loss of balance. The mild traumatic brain injury can also create blurred vision; ringing in the ears; a bad taste in the mouth or changes in the ability to smell; and/or sensitivity to light or sound. Cognitive or mental symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury include memory or concentration problems; mood changes or mood swings; and/or feeling depressed or anxious. “Moderate” or “severe” traumatic brain injury refers to a traumatic brain injury that results in loss of consciousness from several minutes to hours; persistent headache or headache that worsens; repeated vomiting or nausea; convulsions or seizures; dilation of one or both pupils of the eyes; clear fluids draining from the nose or ears; inability to awaken from sleep; weakness or numbness in fingers and toes; and/or loss of coordination. Cognitive and mental symptoms include profound confusion; agitation; combativeness or other unusual behavior; slurred speech; coma and/or other disorders of consciousness.

I. AV6403 shall mean the peptide Leu-Ala-Pro-Ala-Glu-Asp-NH₂. (SEQ ID NO: 1)

J. AV7624 shall mean the peptide Glu-Ala-Pro-Phe-Glu-Asp-NH₂. (SEQ ID NO: 2)

K. AV2387 shall mean the peptide Leu-Ala-Pro-Tyr-Glu-Asp-NH₂. (SEQ ID NO: 3)

The following abbreviations are noted:

5-HIAA—5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid;

5-HT or serotonin—5-hydroxytryptamine;

Accumbens—‘nucleus accumbens;

Caudate—Caudate nucleus;

CTX—frontal cortex;

CXT—motor cortex;

DA—Dopamine;

DOPAC—3,4-Dihydroxy-Phenylacetic Acid (DOPAC);

GP—globus pallidus.

HVA—Homovanillic Acid;

MPP+—1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium

NE—norepinephrine

Occipital CTX—occipital cortex

RP-HPLC EC—Reverse-Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Electrochemical detection;

SN—substantia nigra;

TaClo—trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline.

The present invention is based on the discovery of compositions and methods that are useful in treating neurodegenerative and neurological disorders. Neurodegenerative disorders encompassed by the invention Include those of the motor system (e.g., Parkinson's disease), as well as other neurological syndromes such as Alzheimer's, TBI, prion disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tauopathy, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or other degenerative processes in the brain and central nervous system (including those induced by brain injury, stroke or cerebrovascular accident), and Huntington's diseases. Further included are those neurodegenerative and neurological disorders which, without being bound by any particular theory, are thought to be associated with altered biogenic amine (e.g., dopamine) neurotransmitter levels (including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder) and yet further pathologies associated with neuronal dysregulations. Note is yet further made of neurodegenerative conditions associated with reperfusion injury.

The present invention focused on selecting therapeutically effective peptide sequences that were non-immunogenic. Disclosed are sequences of six amino acids or smaller. The Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB; accessible at iedb.org; Kim et al., 2012), lists 328,089 linear immunogenic peptide epitopes that yield a positive T-cell, B-cell, or MHC-ligand assay response in a range of hosts (including humans). Our analysis found that 306,355 (93.4%) of all listed epitopes were 9 amino acids or longer in length. Only 2,714 out of 328,089 listed linear positive epitopes (or 0.8%) are six amino acids in length or less.

Discovery of the instant sequence identities that are substantially non-immunogenic was the result of examining over 150 C-terminal amidated peptide sequences. Testing involved permutations of size and diversifying amino acid sequence at each residue position. Sequence design began with Proline-Proline-Glutamate-Alanine-Proline-Alanine-Glutamate-Aspartate-Arginine-Serine-Leucine-NH₂. This sequence was used as a starting point to identify smaller substantially non-immunogenic peptide sequences that were both non-toxic and neuroprotective against neurotoxins. These properties were tested using the dopaminergic MN9D neuronal cell line. Each candidate peptide sequence was dissolved in citrate buffer and added to MN9D cells (Choi et al., 1992) that were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium [DMEM (containing pyridoxol HCl); Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.] supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine serum (HyClone, Logan, Utah), 50 U/ml penicillin and streptomycin to a final 100 nM concentration. Using LIVE/DEAD and JC-1 assays in MN9D neuronal cells, individual library sequences were measured for toxicity and loss of mitochondrial potentials at 1 and 3 hours post treatment. At 100 nM concentrations, most amino acid substitutions at position 3 and 5 (of the starting 11 amino acid sequence, glutamate and proline respectively) resulted in an increase in toxicity and significant loss of mitochondrial potentials at 1 h. In addition, peptides smaller than 5 amino acids resulted in an increase in toxicity and significant loss of mitochondrial potentials at 1 h. The remaining sequences were then tested for their ability to provide protection against neurotoxins rotenone, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), and trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (TaClo). Selecting a 100 nM dosage, pretreatment of library members provided significant protection of MN9D neuronal cells mitochondrial potentials against predetermined concentrations of rotenone, MPP+, and TaClo-induced cytotoxicity at different time points (1, 3, 12, 24 hours). Of the remaining 120 sequences tested, the 5 (and 6) amino acid fragments Glutamate-Alanine-Proline-Alanine-Glutamate-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 10) and Glutamate-Alanine-Proline-Alanine-Glutamate-Aspartate-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 11) were the shortest fragments to provide both low toxicity and protection against neurotoxin exposure at all time points measured. Twenty-seven positional variants of this fragment were then identified as also exhibiting minimal toxicity and significant protection against neurotoxins at all time points tested.

The therapeutic peptides of this invention particularly include 5- or 6-mer amino acid peptides of the following sequence:

Xaa₁-Xaa₂-Xaa₃-Xaa₄-Xaa₅ and optionally -Xaa₆

wherein

-   -   Xaa represents an amino acid     -   Xaa₃ is proline and,     -   subscripts represent the positions of each amino acid in the         peptide sequence starting from the amino terminus of said         peptide extending to the C-terminus.

Through exhaustive study the disclosed peptides are the minimum effective size to accomplish the therapeutic purpose. The following permutations are noted:

Xaa₁ can be any of leucine, tryptophan or glutamate.

Xaa₂ can be any of glycine, lysine, leucine, methionine, tryptophan or alanine.

Xaa₃ is proline in each instance.

Xaa₄ can be phenylalanine, lysine, leucine, tryptophan, tyrosine or alanine.

Xaa₅ can be alanine, cysteine, aspartate, leucine, methionine, asparagine, serine or glutamate.

Xaa₅, if present, can be alanine, cysteine, glutamate, phenylalanine, glycine, leucine, proline, serine, or aspartate.

The C-terminus of the 5 or 6 mer peptide can be amidated. In addition, the 5 or 6 mer peptide may be cyclized such as by the addition of cysteine at the termini.

Any one or more of the amino acids of the therapeutic peptides can be achiral (i.e., glycine), or D or L. Any one or more of the amino acids can be deuterized or cyclized.

In one embodiment, and taking advantage of the ability of the disclosed peptides to enter the CNS, the peptides may also be linked to or associated with adjuncts, such as adjuncts radio-isotopes, photo-affinity ligands, fluorescent compounds, antibodies, and small molecules.

Additionally contemplated are modifications of the N and C-termini of a peptide. Without limitation, these modifications include: acetylation, amidation, lipoic acids, palmitic acids, phosphorylation, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and succinylations to improve stability and bioavailability, cell permeability, efficacy, and conjugation.

The therapeutic peptides of this invention are usefully administered at: (i) from about 0.1 to about 1000 mgs, with particular reference to 1 to 100 mgs; (ii) from about twice daily to about weekly/monthly for two weeks, five years, chronically; (iii) intranasal, sublingual, subcutaneous, and buccal doses are particularly noted.

Particular note is made of intranasal, sublingual, subcutaneous, and buccal administration of the substances disclosed herein.

EXAMPLES

The publications discussed above are provided solely for their disclosure before the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

The following examples are included to demonstrate the disclosure. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the following examples represent techniques discovered by the inventors to function well in the practice of the disclosure. Those of skill in the art should, however, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes could be made in the disclosure and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure, therefore all matter set forth is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

Example 1 Leucine-Glycine-Proline-Phenylalanine-Serine-Glutamate (SEQ ID NO: 4) Treating Alzheimer's Disease

A 78 year old male presents with—mild cognitive impairment Alzheimer's disease. He is intranasally administered 5 mg at once per day for 360 days. At 1, 90, 180, 270 and 360 days he is tested/retested with a battery of cognitive tests including Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale Test (ASAS-Cog Test), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale—plus executive function (EF) and functional abilities (FA) (ADAS-Cog-plus), Clock Drawing Interpretation Scale (CDIS), Dementia Rating Scale, Global Deterioration Scale, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). He exhibits minimal to no cognitive loss from day 1 over 360 days.

Example 2 Leucine-Glycine-Proline-Phenylalanine-Serine-Glutamate-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 4) Treating TBI

A 43 year old female presents with moderate loss of cognition from clinical diagnosis of traumatic brain injury using the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke TBI Common Data Elements definition based on head injury in a fall. She is intranasally administered 1 mg at 4 times per day for 45 days. At 1, 90, 180, 270 and 360 days she is tested/retested with a battery of cognitive tests Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R). Trail Making Test Parts A and B, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV) Digit Span, Barthel Index, modified Rankin Scale, Glasgow Outcome Scale. She shows minimal to no additional cognitive loss from day 1 over 360 days.

Example 3 Cyclo (cys-Leucine-Glycine-Proline-Phenylalanine-Serine-Glutamate-cys (SEQ ID NO: 5))] Treating Parkinson's Disease

A 62 year old male presents with current diagnosis of Parkinson's disease with motor complications and responsiveness to levodopa or dopa agonists. He is buccally administered 100 mg at every 12 hours for 180 days. At 1, 90, 180, 270 and 360 days he is tested/retested with a battery of neurological tests including Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Time Tests, Hoehn and Yahr (HY) Scale, Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGIS), Clinical Impression of Severity Index (CISI-PD), Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGIS). He exhibits minimal to no additional test loss from day 1 over 360 days.

Example 4 Tryptophan-D-Alanine-Proline-D-Lysine-Asparagine-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 6) Treating Alzheimer's Disease

A 73 year old female presents with diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. She is intranasally administered 100 mg once a week for 30 days. At 1, 90, 180, 270 and 360 days she is tested/retested with a battery of cognitive tests including Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale Test (ASAS-Cog Test), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-plus executive function (EF) and functional abilities (FA) (ADAS-Cog-plus), Clock Drawing Interpretation Scale (CDIS), Dementia Rating Scale, Global Deterioration Scale, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). She exhibits minimal to no cognitive loss from day 1 over 360 days.

Example 5 D-Glutamate-Alanine-Proline-Phenylalanine-D-Alanine-Glycine-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 7) Treating Alzheimer's Disease

A 66 year old female presents with diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. She is buccally administered 25 mg daily for 60 days. At 1, 90, 180, 270 and 360 days she is tested/retested with a battery of cognitive tests including Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale Test (ASAS-Cog Test), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-plus executive function (EF) and functional abilities (FA) (ADAS-Cog-plus), Clock Drawing Interpretation Scale (CDIS), Dementia Rating Scale, Global Deterioration Scale, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). She exhibits minimal to no cognitive loss from day 1 over 360 days.

Example 6 Glutamate-deuterated Lvsine-Proline-D-Phenvlalanine-Deuterated Leucine-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 8) Treating Parkinson's Disease

A 51 year old female presents with diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. She is administered peptide by intranasal spray at a dosage of 25 mg, daily for 60 days. At 1, 90, 180, 270 and 360 days she is tested/retested with a battery of neurological tests including Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Time Tests, Hoehn and Yahr (HY) Scale, Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGIS), Clinical Impression of Severity Index (CISI-PD), Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGIS). She exhibits minimal to no additional UPDRS loss from day 1 over 360 days.

Example 7 Ac-Leucine-D-Methionine-Proline-Alanine-deuterated Serine-Phenylalanine (SEQ ID NO: 9) Treating Depression

A 48 year old female presents with the diagnosis of depression. She is administered peptide by intranasal spray at a dosage of 50 mg daily for 270 days. At 1, 90, 180, 270 and 360 days she is tested/retested with a battery of mental status tests including Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE). Beck Depression Index (BDI), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), Patient Global Impression Scale (PGI), Structural Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders IV (SCID). The patient exhibits improvement in HAMD from day 1 over 360 days.

Example 8 Leucine-Alanine-Proline-Alanine-Glutamate-Aspartate-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 1) Effects on Neurochemistry of the Striatum and Substantia Nigra

All animal procedures were conducted in the Laboratory Animal Facilities of the University of Kentucky and approved by the University of Kentucky Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee in agreement with the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) guidelines.

Groups of 12, 3 month old Fischer 344 rats were intranasally dosed 50 microliters (4 single 12.5 microliter administrations, 2 per nare, 5 minutes between each nare administration) of either vehicle, 1.1 mg/mL, or 3.5 mg/mL of AV6403 [Leu-Ala-Pro-Ala-Glu-Asp-NH₂] (SEQ ID NO: 1) once a day for 5 days a week, for 3 weeks (5 consecutive days of dosing, 2 off days, repeated total of 3 times). Following day 21, rats were euthanized and brain tissue was recovered and sections removed and weighed for neurochemical analysis by Reverse-Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Electrochemical detection (RP-HPLC EC).

Dopamine [DA], its major metabolites 3,4-Dihydroxy-Phenylacetic Acid (DOPAC) and Homovanillic Acid (HVA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and norepinephrine (NE) were measured in the striatum and substantia nigra (SN) for each group. In the striatum [TABLE 1], 1.1 mg/mL dosing of AV6403 led to a 20% and 25% reduction of DA and HVA levels [FIG. 1A-FIG. 1C], respectively, resulting in an increase in dopamine turnover (22% [DOPAC/DA] and 16% [[(HVA+DOPAC)/DA]), relative to saline vehicle treated rats [FIG. 2A-FIG. 2B]. The higher 3.5 mg/mL dosage of AV6403 resulted in slight increases of striatal DA and DOPAC (8% and 11%) levels and minor changes in DA turnover [FIG. 1A-FIG. 1C, FIG. 2A-FIG. 2B]. Repeated intranasal treatment with 1.1 mg/mL AV6403 resulted in about a 32% and 19% reduction of 5-HT and 5-HIAA and an 19% increase in turnover [5-HIAA/5-HT, FIG. 3] whereas the higher AV6403 dosage resulted in small increases, relative to saline treated rats [TABLE 2]. NE levels were reduced in the striatum with about a 36% reduction for AV6403 1.1 mg/mL dosage versus vehicle [TABLE 1].

In the SN [TABLE 3], treatment of AV6403 led to about a 13% increase in DOPAC and a 11% reduction of HVA, depending on the dosage, [FIG. 4A-FIG. 4C] resulting in an increase in dopamine turnover (20% [DOPAC/DA] for 3.5 mg/mL dosage; 23% [(HVA+DOPAC)/DA] for 1.1 mg/mL) relative to saline vehicle treated rats [FIG. 5A-FIG. 5B]. Treatment with 1.1 mg/mL AV6403 decreased 5-HT by 10% in the SN, resulting in a 16% increase in serotonin turnover [5-HIAA/5-HT] [TABLE 4]. The higher dosage (3.5 mg/mL AV6403) increased NE levels in the SN by about 23% versus vehicle treated rats, respectively [TABLE 3].

TABLE 1 TABLE 1: Striatum levels (ng/g - wet tissue weight) in normal Fischer 344 rats of DA, DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and NE following repeated intranasal administration of AV6403. AV6403 Combined Left and Right Striatum ng/g TA Code DA DOPAC HVA 5-HT 5-HIAA NE Saline Mean 11546 2620 941 376 403 70 (+/−)SEM 461 187 49 20 22 8 N 12 12 12 12 12 12 AV6403 Mean 9425 2618 699 257 326 45 1.1 mg/ml (+/−)SEM 743 239 52 14 20 5 N 12 12 12 12 12 12 AV6403 Mean 12475 2922 935 393 437 66 3.5 mg/ml (+/−)SEM 733 218 47 12 18 3 N 12 12 12 12 12 12

TABLE 2 TABLE 2: Striatum turnover ratios of DA and 5-HT following repeated intranasal administration of AV6403. AV6403 Combined Left and Right Striatum Turnover Ratios DOPAC/ HVA/ (HVA + 5-H1AA/ TA Code DA DA DOPAC)/DA 5-HT Saline Mean 0.23 0.08 0.31 1.08 (+/−)SEM 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.03 N 12 12 12 12 AV6403 Mean 0.28 0.08 0.36 1.28 1.1 mg/ml (+/−)SEM 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.05 N 12 12 12 12 AV6403 Mean 0.23 0.08 0.31 1.11 3.5 mg/ml (+/−)SEM 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 N 12 12 12 12

TABLE 3 TABLE 3: Substantia nigra levels (ng/g - wet tissue weight) in normal Fischer 344 rats of DA, DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and NE following repeated intranasal administration of AV6403. AV6403 Combined Left and Right Substantia Nigra ng/g TA Code DA DOPAC HVA 5-HT 5-HIAA NE Saline Mean 1115 224 115 1122 565 525 (+/−)SEM 58 19 9 47 34 32 N 12 12 12 12 12 12 AV6403 Mean 1122 232 102 1014 552 554 1.1 mg/ml (+/−)SEM 119 25 10 87 37 56 N 12 12 12 12 12 12 AV6403 Mean 1096 253 113 1050 546 644 3.5 mg/ml (+/−)SEM 70 19 6 84 46 52 N 12 12 12 12 12 12

TABLE 4 TABLE 4: Substantia nigra turnover ratios of DA and 5-HT following repeated intranasal administration of AV6403. AV6403 Combined Left and Right Substantia Nigra Turnover Ratios DOPAC/ HVA/ (HVA + 5-HIAA/ TA Code DA DA DOPAC)/DA 5-HT Saline Mean 0.20 0.10 0.30 0.50 (+/−)SEM 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 N 12 12 12 12 AV6403 Mean 0.22 0.15 0.37 0.58 1.1 mg/ml (+/−)SEM 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.04 N 12 12 12 12 AY8403 Mean 0.24 0.11 0.34 0.54 3.5 mg/ml (+/−)SEM 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.03 N 12 12 12 12

Example 9 Glutamate-Alanine-Proline-Phenylalanine-Glutamate-Aspartate-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 2) Effects on Neurochemistry of the Striatum and Substantia Niara

All animal procedures were conducted in the Laboratory Animal Facilities of the University of Kentucky and approved by the University of Kentucky Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee in agreement with AAALAC guidelines.

Groups of 12, 3 month old Fischer 344 rats were intranasally dosed 50 microliters (4 single 12.5 microliter administrations, 2 per nare, 5 minutes between each nare administration) of either vehicle, 1.2 mg/mL, or 3.6 mg/mL of AV7624 [Glu-Ala-Pro-Phe-Glu-Asp-NH₂] once a day for 5 days a week, for 3 weeks (5 consecutive days of dosing, 2 off days, repeated total of 3 times). Following day 21, rats were euthanized and brain tissue was recovered and sections removed and weighed for neurochemical analysis by RP-HPLC EC.

DA, DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and NE were measured in the striatum and SN for each group. In the striatum [TABLE 5], 3.6 mg/mL dosing of AV7624 led to an approximate 18%, 39%, and 30% reduction of DA, DOPAC, and HVA levels [FIG. 6A-FIG. 6C], respectively, resulting in an about 18% decrease in dopamine turnover ([DOPAC/DA] and [(HVA+DOPAC)/DA]), relative to saline vehicle treated rats [FIG. 7A-FIG. 7B]. Repeated intranasal treatment with 3.6 mg/mL AV7624 resulted in about a 28% and 30% reduction of 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels, with a small effect on turnover [5-HIAA/5-HT, FIG. 8A-FIG. 8B. TABLE 6]. The lower AV7624 dosage had less robust effects on DA, 5-HT and their metabolites [TABLE 5]. NE levels were reduced in the striatum in a dose dependent manner, with about a 32% reduction for the AV7624 3.6 mg/mL dosage versus vehicle [TABLE 5]

In the SN [TABLE 7], treatment with 3.6 mg/mL AV7624 led to about a 23%, 22%, and a 6% decrease in DA, DOPAC, and HVA [FIG. 9A-FIG. 9C], relative to saline vehicle treated rats, with minor effects on dopamine turnover [FIG. 10A-FIG. 10B]. Treatment with 3.6 mg/mL AV7624 decreased 5-HT by 20% and 5-HIAA by about 18% in the SN [TABLE 7], resulting in a minor effect on serotonin turnover [TABLE 8]. NE levels in the SN were decreased (17% and 13%) by both dosages (1.2 mg/mL and 3.6 mg/mL) versus vehicle treated rats, respectively [TABLE 7].

TABLE 5 TABLE 5: Striatum levels (ng/g - wet tissue weight) in normal Fischer 344 rats of DA, DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and NE following repeated intranasal administration of AV7624. AV7624 Combined Left and Right Striatum ng/g TA Code DA DOPAC HVA 5-HT 5 HIAA NE AV7624 Mean 10762 2478 915 487 499 67 3.6 mg/mL (+/−)SEM 1405 369 110 51 59 9 N 12 12 12 12 12 12 Saline Mean 13096 4077 1302 679 715 99 (+/−)SEM 569 282 56 46 23 6 N 12 12 12 12 12 12 AV7624 Mean 13521 3906 1253 610 674 83 1.2 mg/mL (+/−)SEM 689 355 62 48 29 5 N 12 12 12 12 12 12

TABLE 6 TABLE 6: Striatum turnover ratios of DA and 5-HT following repeated intranasal administration of AV7624. AV7624 Combined Left and Right Striatum Turnover Ratios DOPAC/ HVA/ (HVA + 5-HIAA/ TA Code DA DA DOPAC)/DA 5-HT AV7624 Mean 0.24 0.09 0.33 1.05 3.6 mg/mL (+/−)SEM 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.05 N 12 12 12 12 Saline Mean 0.29 0.10 0.40 1.09 (+/−)SEM 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.05 N 12 12 12 12 AV7624 Mean 0.28 0.09 0.38 1.15 1.2 mg/mL (+/−)SEM 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.05 N 12 12 12 12

TABLE 7 TABLE 7: Substantia nigra levels (ng/g - wet tissue weight) in normal Fischer 344 rats of DA, DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and NE following repeated intranasal administration of AV7624. AV7624 Combined Left and Right Substantia Nigra ng/g TA Code DA DOPAC HVA 5-HT 5-HIAA NE AV7624 Mean 1523 376 177 1251 737 767 3.6 mg/mL (+/−)SEM 297 89 52 166 123 187 N 12 12 12 12 12 12 Saline Mean 1970 480 188 1566 897 878 (+/−)SEM 178 53 15 86 50 158 N 12 12 12 12 12 12 AV7624 Mean 1918 472 184 1546 886 727 1.2 mg/mL (+/−)SEM 147 44 12 58 26 62 N 12 12 12 12 12 12

TABLE 8 TABLE 8: Substantia nigra turnover ratios of DA and 5-HT following repeated intranasal administration of AV7624. AV7624 Combined Left and Right Substantia Nigra Turnover Ratios DOPAC/ HVA/ (HVA + 5-HIAA/ TA Code DA DA DOPAC)/DA 5-HT AV7624 Mean 0.22 0.13 0.35 0.57 3.6 mg/mL (+/−)SEM 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 N 12 12 12 12 Saline Mean 0.23 0.10 0.34 0.58 (+/−)SEM 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 N 12 12 12 12 AV7624 Mean 0.24 0.10 0.34 0.58 1.2 mg/mL (+/−)SEM 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 N 12 12 12 12

Example 10

Distribution of I¹²⁵-radiolabeled Leucine-Alanine-Proline-Tyrosine-Glutamate-Aspartate-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 3) in the Central Nervous System Following Intranasal Administration.

All animal procedures were conducted in the Laboratory Animal Facilities of the University of Kentucky and approved by the University of Kentucky Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee in agreement with AAALAC guidelines.

A 10 year old male Rhesus macaque (Non-human primate, NHP) was intranasally administered 10 mgs (5 mgs each nare) of peptide AV2387 [Leu-Ala-Pro-Tyr-Glu-Asp-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 3)] that was radiolabeled with 5 mCi of 1 at the tyrosine residue by the Chloroamine T reaction. At 1 hr following dosing, the NHP was euthanized and transcardially perfused with ice-cold heparinized saline. The whole brain was then harvested and sectioned into 2 mm-thick coronal sections. The olfactory bulb as well as tissue punches from the following brain structures were harvested, weighed and analyzed for distribution by gamma counting: frontal cortex (Frontal CTX), motor cortex (Motor CTX), occipital cortex (Occipital CTX), caudate nucleus (Caudate), putamen, nucleus accumbens (Accumbens), globus pallidus (GP), amygdala, and cerebellum. Radiolabel signal was present throughout the brain [FIG. 11], with the most signal present in the olfactory bulb, globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate nucleus [FIG. 12]. All procedures were conducted in the Laboratory Animal Facilities of the University of Kentucky, which are fully accredited by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care.

The pharmacologically active compositions of this invention can be processed in accordance with conventional methods of Galenic pharmacy to produce medicinal agents for administration to subjects, e.g., mammals including humans.

The compositions of this invention individually or in combination are employed in admixture with conventional excipients, i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substances suitable for systemic administration. Non-limiting examples of systemic routes of administration include parenteral, enteral (e.g., oral or inhalation) or topical application which do not deleteriously react with the active compositions. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include but are not limited to water, salt solutions, alcohols, gum Arabic, vegetable oils, benzyl alcohols, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch, magnesium stearate, talc, titanium dioxide, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, perfume oil, fatty acid esters, hydroxy methylcellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, etc. The pharmaceutical preparations can be sterilized and if desired mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, coloring, flavoring and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously react with the active compositions. They can also be combined where desired with other active agents, e.g., vitamins.

In some embodiments of the present invention, dosage forms include instructions for the use of such compositions.

For parenteral application, particularly suitable are injectable, sterile solutions, preferably oily or aqueous solutions, as well as suspensions, emulsions, or implants, including suppositories. Ampules, vials, and injector cartridges are convenient unit dosages. For enteral application, particularly suitable are tablets, dragees, liquids, drops, suppositories, or capsules. A syrup, elixir, or the like can be used wherein a sweetened vehicle is employed. Additional systemic administration routes, including intranasal, sublingual, intraocular, and subcutaneous, administration forms are noted.

Sustained or directed release compositions can be formulated, e.g., liposomes or those wherein the active component is protected with differentially degradable coatings, e.g., by microencapsulation, multiple coatings, etc. It is also possible to freeze-dry the new compositions and use the lyophilizates obtained, for example, for the preparation of products for injection.

Generally, the compositions of this invention are dispensed in unit dosage form comprising about 1 to about 100 mg, 200 mg, or 500 mg in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier per unit dosage.

Example 11 Leucine-Alanine-Proline-Alanine-Glutamate-Aspartate-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 1) Crossing the Blood Brain Barrier Following Systemic Delivery

Extracellular brain levels were seen to rise and fall to baseline by 140 minutes post injection following subcutaneous administration of AV6403 [LAPAED-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 1)] as measured using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) seen in FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B. The AV6403 was identified by mass ion and use of deuterated internal standard. AV6403 was present across the blood brain barrier in the extracellular space of the rat brain following systemic delivery in a dose-dependent manner, with maximum levels observed (250 pg/mL and 50 pg/mL for 100 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg dosages in saline buffer, respectively) between 20-40 minutes post administration as measured by in vivo striatal microdialysis in awake animals (FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B). The T_(1/2) was between 50-60 minutes with a total lifetime in the extracellular space of the brain ˜120 minutes. Plasma blood levels (FIG. 14) were consistent with higher levels with maximum levels (6000 ng/ML and 3500 ng/mL for 100 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, respectively) reached between 20-40 minutes post administration, and a longer lifetime as compared to the extracellular brain levels.

Example 12 Glutamate-Alanine-Proline-Alanine-Glutamate-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 10) Entering the Brain Following Systemic Delivery

AV2157 [EAPAE-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 10)] was observed to cross the blood brain barrier at 100 mg/kg dosage in saline, with maximum levels in the extracellular space observed at 40 minutes (9 ng/mL) post subcutaneous administration, with a T1/2 between 50-60 minutes and a total lifetime of ˜120 minutes, as measured by in vivo striatal microdialysis in awake rats (FIG. 15, FIG. 16). AV2157 plasma levels (FIG. 3, FIG. 5) reached maximum level at 20 minutes (1250 ng/mL) post administration of 100 mg/kg dosage in saline, with a total lifetime of ˜120 minutes. This plasma profile is similar compared to AV6403 (FIG. 15, FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B), but with improved (over 10 times) CNS bioavailability (FIG. 16, FIG. 19A and FIG. 19B).

SEQUENCE TABLE SEQ Description, Feature keys are in capital ID NO Sequence letters. 1 Leu-Ala-Pro-Ala-Glu-Asp Artificial sequence. AMIDATION at position 6. 2 Glu-Ala-Pro-Phe-Glu-Asp Artificial sequence. AMIDATION at position 6. 3 Leu-Ala-Pro-Tyr-Glu-Asp Artificial sequence. AMIDATION at position 6. 4 Leu-Gly-Pro-Phe-Ser-Glu Artificial sequence. AMIDATION can be either present or absent at position 6. 5 Cys-Leu-Gly-Pro-Phe-Ser-Glu-Cys Artificial sequence. 6 Trp-Xaa₁-Pro-Xaa₂-Asp Artificial sequence. AMIDATION at position 5. Xaa₁ is D-Ala. Xaa₂ is D-Lys. 7 Xaa₁-Ala-Pro-Phe-Xaa₂-Gly Artificial sequence. AMIDATION at position 6. Xaa₁ is D-Glu. Xaa₂ is D-Ala. 8 Glu-Xaa₁-Pro-Xaa₂-Xaa₃ Artificial sequence. AMIDATION at position 5. Xaa₁ is deuterated Lys. Xaa₂ is D-Phe. Xaa₃ is deuterated leu 9 Xaa₁-Xaa₂-Pro-Ala-Xaa₃-Phe Artificial sequence. Xaa₁ is acylated-Leu Xaa₂ is D-Met. Xaa₃ is deuterated Ser. 10 Glu-Ala-Pro-Ala-Glu AMIDATION at position 5. 11 Glu-Ala-Pro-Ala-Glu-Asp AMIDATION at position 6.

REFERENCES

Reference is made to the following publications, the teachings of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as are all publications cited herein:

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1. A therapeutic peptide of the following sequence: Xaa₁-Xaa₂-Xaa₃-Xaa₄-Xaa₆ and optionally Xaa₆, wherein Xaa represents an amino acid; Xaa₃ is proline; and, subscripts represent the positions of each amino acid in the peptide sequence starting from the amino terminus of said peptide extending to the C-terminus.
 2. The therapeutic peptide of claim 1, wherein Xaa₁ is selected from the group consisting of leucine, tryptophan or glutamate.
 3. The therapeutic peptide of claim 1, wherein Xaa₂ is selected from the group consisting of glycine, lysine, leucine, methionine, tryptophan or alanine.
 4. The therapeutic peptide of claim 1 wherein Xaa₄ is selected from the group consisting of phenylalanine, lysine, leucine, tryptophan, tyrosine or alanine.
 5. The therapeutic peptide of claim 1, wherein Xaa₆ is selected from the group consisting of alanine, cysteine, aspartate, leucine, methionine, asparagine, serine or glutamate.
 6. The therapeutic peptide of claim 1, wherein Xaa₆ is selected from the group consisting of alanine, cysteine, glutamate, phenylalanine, glycine, leucine, proline, serine, or aspartate.
 7. The therapeutic peptide of claim 1, wherein one or more amino acid is a D-amino acid.
 8. The therapeutic peptide of claim 1, wherein said C-terminus further modified to include substituents selected from the group consisting of amidation, dansyl, lipoic acids, succinylation.
 9. The therapeutic peptide of claim 1, wherein said N-terminus further modified to include substituents selected from the group consisting of acetyl, dansyl, lipoic acids, succinylation.
 10. The therapeutic peptide of claim 1, wherein said peptide is deuterized.
 11. The therapeutic peptide of claim 1, cyclized by the addition of terminal cysteines.
 12. The therapeutic peptide or claim 1, further comprising an adjunct.
 13. The therapeutic peptide of claim 1, further comprising a suitable pharmaceutical carrier.
 14. A method of treating a neurodegenerative disorder in a human subject in need of such treatment by the process of administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic peptide of the following sequence: Xaa₁-Xaa₂-Xaa₃-Xaa₄-Xaa₅ and optionally Xaa₆, wherein Xaa represents an amino acid Xaa₃ is proline; and, subscripts represent the positions of each amino acid in the peptide sequence starting from the amino terminus of said peptide extending to the C-terminus.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said administering is systemic.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein said administering is intranasal, sublingual, buccal, intraocular, subcutaneous, or intravenous.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein said administering is intranasal.
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein said administering is subcutaneous.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein said administering is intravenous.
 20. The method of claim 14, wherein one or more amino acid is a D-amino acid. 